If you ever find yourself using a simple vector network analyzer (VNA) that can only take $S_{11}$ and $S_{21}$ measurements, this explanation might be an eye-opener on how to calibrate such a syst...

I believe there is a defining moment for those of us who perform RF measurements: the time before mastering TRL calibration and the time after. TRL calibration is a powerful tool for VNA calibratio...

Switch terms are a concept that is often misunderstood in vector network analyzers (VNAs). Although they are essential for VNA calibration, VNA vendors tend not to discuss them in their user manual...

When using a vector network analyzer (VNA) to measure a device under test (DUT), calibration is a critical step. While there are many calibration methods out there, I believe the thru-reflect-line ...